Naringin

Epimedin C, icariin, icaritin dirhamnoside, baohuoside I, rutin, isoquercitrin, neohesperidin, glucohesperetin, naringin, prunin, myricetrin, myricetin, vitexin, dioscin, zingiberensis newsaponin, ginsenoside Rg2, and ginsenoside Re were all purchased from Sichuan Weikeqi Biotechnology Co., Ltd (China).

Methanol and acetonitrile (chromatographic purity) was purchased from Fisher company (USA), formic acid (MS grade) was purchased from ACS company (USA), and distilled water was purchased from Guangzhou Watsonsfood and beverage company (Guangzhou, China). Reference standards of sophocarpine, matrine, febrifugine, berberine, palmatine, Tangeratin, nobiletin, liensinine, neferine, scopoletin, isoliquiritigenin, liquiritigenin, naringenin, naringin, hesperidin and glycyrrhizic acid, jatrorrhizine were purchased from Sichuan Weikeqi Biotechnology Co., Ltd. or Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd. XSNC were supplied by Shanxi Momentum Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd (Shanxi, China).

Folin-Ciocalteureagent,gallic acid, catechinand otherpolyphenolicstandardswere purchasedfrom SichuanWeikeqiBiologicalTechnologyCo., Ltd. (China).1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH),2,2’-azinobis(3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonicacid)diammoniumsalt(ABTS),2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine(TPTZ),trolox,α-amylase,α-glucosidaseand 4-nitrophenyl-α-D-gluco-pyranoside(α-PNPG)wereobtainedfromSigma–Aldrich(USA).

QZWTT was provided by Liaoning Huarun Benxi Sanyao Co. Ltd(Benxi, China, lot no. 20200101). We used 26 chemical referencestandards in this study (Chengdu Pufeide BioTechnology Co. Ltd,Cheng du, China or Weikeqi Biological Technology Co. Ltd, Chengdu,China; Table S1). The acetonitrile, methanol (Merck, Germany) andformic acid (Fisher, USA) were of LC–MS grade, whereas the remain-ing chemicals were of analytically grade.

The residue was dissolved in methanol, and then filtered through a 0.22 μm filter membrane (Millipore, USA). Standards were as follows: rotocatechualdehyde, hydroxysafflor yellow A, ferulic acid, naringin, salvianolic acid B, salvianolic acid A and cryptotanshinone (Weikeqi, China).

were supplied by the National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing, PR China). Vitexin (170,120), genistin (110,803), genistein (110,125), vicenin-2 (150,112), schaftoside (140,402), diosmin (101,163), diosmetin (101,216), isorientin (160,107), isovitexin (140,614), isoschaftoside (151,228), naringin (141,101), and astragalin (101,072), were purchased from the Sichuan Weikeqi Biological Technology Co., Ltd (Sichuan, PR China). Orientin (15,102,309), hydroxygenkwanin (15,071,092), myricitrin (15,072,113), dihydromyricetin (1,502,319), and myricetin (15,082,319), were obtained from Shanghai Shifeng Biotechnology Co., Ltd

Their identities were confirmed with 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and MS spectral analysis. Catechin (5), Naringin (25), Kaempferol-3-O-glucoside (37), Quercetin (50), Naringenin (52), Phloretin (58), and Kaempferol (59) were bought from Weikeqi Standards Corporation, China. Other standards such as Protocatechuic acid (3), Caffeoyl acid (8), and 5-O-caffeoyl shikimic acid (15) were previously isolated from other plants by our team members. The purity of all the standards was over 98%, as determined with HPLC analysis. The UPLC-PAD/ESI-MS analysis of 16 mixed standards is supplied as supplemental material (Fig. S2†).

All 22 standard compounds used in this study (synephrine, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, geniposide, peimine, peiminine, albiflorin, paeoniflorin, rutin, narirutin, crocin, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, didymin, quercetin, benzoylpaeoniflorin, paeonol, sinensetin, nobiletin, hepta-3, and alisol B 23-acetate) were supplied by Weikeqi Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Chengdu, China), and the purity were all greater than 98%. UDCA administrated as positive control was supplied by Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). ANIT and medical-grade soybean oil were purchased from Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).